1. They involve the movement of chemical elements through living and non-living parts of ecosystems.
2. The carbon cycle is exclusively an atmospheric cycle.
3. Nitrogen cycle includes steps like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.

1. In a food chain, energy flow is linear and decreases at higher trophic levels.
2. Ecological pyramids can be of numbers, biomass, or energy.
3. The pyramid of energy is always inverted.

1. Forest Ecosystem – a) Dominated by trees and dense vegetation
2. Grassland Ecosystem – b) Characterized by vast areas of grasses and few trees
3. Aquatic Ecosystem – c) Includes both freshwater and marine environments

1. Biodiversity – a) Variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem
2. Ecological Succession – b) Process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time
3. Biome – c) Large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat

1. It includes processes like evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
2. The water cycle is a closed system with no input or output of water.
3. Human activities have no impact on the water cycle.

1. Energy flow in an ecosystem is bidirectional.
2. Nutrient cycling is a crucial process in maintaining ecosystem stability.
3. Ecosystems do not have the ability to recover from disturbances.

1. Endemic Species – a) Species found only in a specific geographic area
2. Exotic Species – b) Species introduced from another geographic region
3. Vulnerable Species – c) Species at high risk of extinction in the wild

1. Ecotone – a) A transition area between two different ecosystems
2. Ecological Niche – b) The role and position a species has in its environment
3. Carrying Capacity – c) Maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely